Problems And Solutions Of 4g Networks

Problems And Solutions Of 4g Networks 4G is the new development in mobile communication which is also known as next generation networks. As time passes past technologies are replaced by new ones for the need of new development communications. This is achieved by the 4G which gives a good scope for the widened of mobile communication .As mobiles are developed as minicomputer now ever days which can be used for different purposes this can be achieved efficiently by new technologies like 4G which offers higher data rates with seamless roaming. In todays technological world the mobile users are demanding more sophisticated and compact devices for their purposes to which manufactures are trying to develop smaller devices with increased processing and security which makes to develop 4G network for much improved image processing and speed of processors which can be used for using 4G applications like 3D games , high definition camcorders with larger megapixels which need high processor to run.4G is developed to run on a single platform for different wireless networks which are connected through one IP core. This will help to integrate the different existing heterogeneous wireless technologies like WIMAX, UMTS, WLAN and GPRS. 4G network has a very high data rate which provides 100Mbps to 1Gbps in stationary and mobile environment respectively. Limitations: Although 4G networks are best for mobile users they have some limitations. One of the main issue is the operating area which is a drawback to all communication networks like 2G, 3G also . As we know that many rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan cities where there with no network coverage in this technological world. This is due to our present communication standards and equipment which should be improved for this latest technology which is a promising one to deliver communication and many others advanced applications everywhere which cant be possible unless our operating area is enhanced in an effective manner. The second issue is the cost of network which is important to consider .As 4G network equipment is very expensive so carriers and providers should plan carefully to make the cost more realistic and low. Potential problems: 4G networks being so advantageous to users it also faces some potential problems in real world. They are Security, Quality of service, Handover. Security: In this digital world security is an important aspect in communication networks. As 4G network is not used for just communication but also it provides different functions like internet which is to be much secured. So we should estimate and solve the different security threats of 4G networks like IP spoofing, User ID theft, Denial of service, Intrusion attacks which may cause loss of information or leakage of information which is considered as great threat for the users. Quality of service: Quality of service is more important for 4G networks as we know that telecommunication is a real time communication like Voice over IP and video streaming .In real time traffics quality of service is very important as we should estimate some factors like bit rate, jitter, delay, packet drop probability to avoid network congestion in available bandwidth effectively. Handover: Handovers is defined as the switching of mobile nodes (MN) from one access point to other in current network or to a different network.4G networks faces lot of challenges while handover in todays communication systems. In particular if a mobile user is undergone handover process from communication systems like GPRS to WLAN at that time there is a potential risk of communication disturbance which makes the mobile user unhappy. Potential solutions: As we know that 4G networks are heterogeneous networks they support different functions to network operators and service providers. So to provide security for communication 4G networks introduce security gateways (SEGs) which secure the different domains. For developing security in 4G networks we should adopt a model developed by International Telecommunication union named as X.805 based on Bell lab security model which consist of three security layers, three security planes and eight security dimensions which has explained below. X.805 security model Access control which controls unauthorized users to network. Authentication which confirms the individual identity of user. Non repudiation controls false data by giving information of data from origin. Data confidentiality which provides security to the data in the network from unauthorized users. Communication security which provides security to the communication channel for usage of authorized user only. Data integrity protects the data from manipulating or modifying by others. Availability is making the network available for only the authorized users. Privacy is allowing data flow to only the authorized user without any leakage. By following these steps of this model at least we can defend from the existing threats and can solve the future threats which are more important in any communication network. To maintain quality of service in 4G we have to implement some protocols which are designed to maintain seamless communication to users like video conferencing and video streaming. The mobility protocols are Mobile IPV6, Hierarchical MIPV6, and Fast MIPV6 which improve quality of service for 4G networks. Since to improve more quality of service in 4G and for a better handovers across heterogeneous networks research are done for combination of mobility protocols seamless mobile IPV6 (SMIPV6) and session initiation protocol (SIP) for a better communication network. Conclusion: Mobile communication networks has been developed rapidly from decades and plays a vital role in human life .The advanced networks like 4G are not only used just for communication between people but also serves many functions for the users which faces many potential problems in real time to which we should find a effective solution. As 4G is a heterogeneous network function on single IP core which has many advantages like high bit rate and seamless communication when compared to others with a better quality of service and security .Up on all this new advanced 4G networks gives a great scope to future development of mobile communications in every field.

Discuss the issues related to the widespread adoption of e-books

Since the modern information age arrived, businesses, educational institutions and governments have increasingly used the internet to disseminate information to their targeted groups. In the process, e-books have been increasingly adopted as an important medium for delivering educational information. The widespread adoption of e-books has however raised a number of issues, ranging from copyright issues to issues of acceptance.In this essay, the author aims to discuss the various issues that have risen as a result of adoption of e-books. First of all, e-books threaten the traditional book publishing industry (Carey, 2006). E-books are particularly cheap to reproduce and distribute since they do not involve any paper printing, cover printing, warehousing and shipment. All a user has to do is point at a URL and click on the title he or she wants, and the e-book can be downloaded either for free or for a comparatively small fee.Publishing companies like Macmillan and Wiley have had a lon g standing dispute with major e-book distributor Amazon over this issue since the sales of traditional hardcover books have plummeted after the introduction of e-books (Carey, 2006). Secondly, there has been an issue of copyright infringement (Kelly, 2006). The World Wide Web has many websites that have been built primarily for file sharing. An e-book can be purchased only once and subsequently posted in many sites where users from all over the world can download it free.The author or the publisher of the book therefore does not profit from the efforts put in towards delivering the work (Kelly, 2006). This trend has even been reported with books which have not been released in e-book format: a buyer will digitize it maybe by scanning the pages and then publish it to the internet where everyone can have free access to the full content. No matter how law enforcers try, this has been one tendency which is virtually impossible to stop.Copyright issues aside, the proliferation of e-books has raised issues surrounding the unavailability of efficient devices for reading or extracting the content (Rothman, 2006). Most readers access the content in e-books by using a laptop or a desktop computer, but there have been numerous complains that too much exposure to the radiation from computer monitors causes eye and brain fatigue. The smaller devices available like Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and mobile telephones are too small and a user cannot read the content comfortably from such.In addition to this, all devices used in reading e-books are technology-based, and users have to be conversant with these technologies so as to be able to exploit the benefits of the e-book revolution. Finally, there have been acceptance issues in the adoption of e-books in the contemporary reading culture (Nelson, 2008). Generations of readers have grown up reading paper books (printed books) and have gotten so used to this that making the transition to e-books is not a very comfortable venture.Many students have continued to prefer printed paper and only use e-books for referencing purposes. The reading society is not as biased towards modern technologies as everyone would like to assume. According to statistics, many college students and faculties have continued to exhibit preference for paper books (p-books) over e-books for research, textbooks and for leisure reading (Nelson, 2008). All in all, technology is continually becoming popular, and despite the issues related to widespread adoption of e-books, digital libraries are becoming a force to reckon with in the literary scene.

Developing Your Empowering People (Delegating) Skill Essay

Ricky Lee is the manager of the contracts group of a large regional office supply distributor. His boss, Anne Zumwalt, has asked him to prepare by the end of the month the department’s new procedures manual that will outline the steps followed in negotiating contracts with office products manufacturers who supply the organization’s products. Because Ricky has another major project he’s working on, he went to Anne and asked her if it would be possible to assign the rewriting of the procedures manual to Bill Harmon, one of his employees who’s worked in the contracts group for about three years. Anne said she had no problems with Ricky reassigning the project as long as Bill knew the parameters and the expectations for the completion of the project. Ricky is preparing for his meeting in the morning with Bill regarding this assignment. (Robbins, 2012) Assignment. Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing how your team would handle the situation described in the scenario The Facts. Presented here are what I consider to be the facts on this scenario. * Rick Lee is the regional manager for the contract group of a large office supply * Rick Lee Reports to Anne Zumwalt * Anne requested Rick to prepare the new department procedures manual * The deadline for the manual preparation is the end of the month * Bill Harmon works for Rick Lee * Bill Harmon has worked in the contract’s group for about three years * Rick asked Anne if he can delegate the preparing of the new manual to Bill * Anne agreed to have the project to Bill Chain of command Anne Zumwalt Rick Lee Bill Harmon Anne Zumwalt Rick Lee Bill Harmon Rick should consider the following five behaviors when he meets with Bill to discuss the delegation of the project (Robbins, 2012): 1. Clarify the assignment: a. Rick must present to Bill the requirements of the project. That is, to prepare the new department procedures manual that will outline the steps to be followed in negotiating contracts with office products suppliers who supply the organization’s products. b. Rick must specifically indicate to Bill he is delegating this responsibility onto him if Bill is willing to accept the project. c. The time constraint of the project has to be clearly stated. According to the scenario, the project hast to be completed by the end of the month. Rick is ultimate project responsibility for successful completion of the project so he needs time to review the manual the manual and incorporate changes before the manual is completed. d. Rick and Bill have to agree on what the end result should be before Bill accepts the task 2. Specify Employee’s range of discretion: e. Bill project is to prepare the new procedures manual, detailing the steps of the contract negotiation process. It is important Bill is aware to what extent he is authorized to make decisions on the steps to be taken, and the order. Rick must indicate he will have the final say regarding the procedures outlined in the manual, and Bill should consult with him if questions arise while defining the creating the procedures. f. Bill will be taking on responsibilities beyond his current role. Bill will be taking part of the Rick’s responsibilities, so he must be made aware he is only dealing with matters related to the preparation of new manual 3. Allow employee to participate: g. Rick and Anne should discuss with Bill the extent of Bill’s responsibility while working on this project. Rather than informing Bill of the extent of his authority, he must participate in making the agreement of the extent of the authority. If Bill is required to use other resources, to what extent is he authorized to set resource’s utilization priority. 4. Inform others that a delegation has occurred h. Bill is part of the contracts group. Rick must inform the rest of the office that Bill has accepted the responsibility of preparing the new manual. i. Also the suppliers have to be informed of this delegation. It is very likely that Bill will be contacting them in the process of generating the new manual. j. Rick must also notify other managers within the organization who may be involved in the preparation of the new manual. k. The communication to other has to indicate the project, and the extent of the authority Bill has been delegated in order to successfully complete the project. 5. Establish feedback channels: l. Rick must agree with Bill on how the progress of the project will be tracked. In addition to tracking the project progress, Bills performance has to be monitored as well. Periodic meetings should be held between Rick and Bill to discuss the progress of the meeting and Bill’s performance. It is not clear from the scenario how much time is available to complete the project. A brief 5 to 10 minute meeting in the morning every other day could be setup between Bill and Rick to discuss the project. m. At the end of the project Rick should have a close out session with Bill to discuss the entire project. In this session Rick should provide feedback to Bill on his performance, based on the parameters that were defined at the beginning of the project. Bill should be recognized for the success of his work, pointing out those areas where he did a great job. Also Bill should be informed of the areas he needs to improve. References Robbins, Stephen P., Mary Coulter. (2012) Management, 11th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, VitalBook file.

Ethical and Legal Issues with DNA Profiling - 2693 Words

Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acidity (DNA) fingerprint scanning service is really a fundamental technique which is used all through the global communities every day. The procedure associated with DNA fingerprint scanning service was initially produced by the geneticist, Alec Jefferys, in the University of Leicester situated in England, in the year 1984 (as cited in Lampton, 1991). Both primary kinds of DNA utilized in the actual profiling procedure consist of mitochondrial as well as nuclear DNA (Adams, 2005). DNA fingerprint scanning service can be further utilized to resolve paternity instances, to fit a claimed dad with his child. The procedure has also been essential within the legal proper rights program, this provides precise proof in order to convict suspects or even release them pertaining to the proof attained. An essential part associated with DNA fingerprint scanning service within the department of healthcare and relative areas is actually the utilization in detecting genetic as well as hereditary problems. Additionally, DNA fingerprint scanning service assists to not only identify these problems but also provide appropriate remedies in a timely manner as well (Adams, 2005). An additional essential utilization of DNA fingerprint scanning service is the fact that it will also help reveal mysterious sufferers within devastating circumstances, like the Sept 11th strike within the World Trade Centre (WTC). DNA profiling can be used each day within the realm ofShow MoreRelatedDNA Profiling and Criminal Justice: Ethical and Legal Issues1079 Words   |  4 Pagesemergence of DNA evidence as a source of evidence in this search has become a powerful ally for both the prosecution and defense in criminal trials and there has been no clear cut advantage gained by either side of the equation. 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However, nine years after its introduction, forensic DNA typing is still usedRead MoreAdvancement And Recommendations For Fingerprinting1519 Words   |  7 PagesCriminalistics: Advancement and Recommendations for Fingerprinting Table of Contents Criminalistics: An Introduction 2 Fingerprinting: History and Background 2 Fingerprints- What and How 4 The Society and Fingerprinting 6 Problems-Ethical and Legal 7 Recommendations 7 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................... 8 Bibliography..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................... 9 List of Figures Figure 1. In ancient China, thumb prints were found on clay seals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Figure 2. FrictionRead MoreAnalysis, Interpretation And Discussion Of Findings Essay1960 Words   |  8 Pagesdetailed and explanatory notes on the Presentation of Findings of the fifty completed Research Questionnaires. The greater part of the sample group believes that DNA profiling is a useful science in crime eradication and medical advancements. This same percentage (94%) of the group also feel as though the public is inadequately educated on DNA and its uses and implications. A little over a half of the sample group is aware of the Human Genome Project, yet 70% of the group would have their genome sequencedRead MoreRecent Uses of DNA Technology Essays1020 Words   |  5 PagesRecent Uses of DNA Technology DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. 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